Introduction. Shot boundary detection is a critical step in video analysis and understanding. It involves identifying abrupt transitions between consecutive shots or scenes in a video. These transitions can include cuts, dissolves, wipes, or other visual changes that signal the beginning or end of a scene. Shot boundary detection is an essential component in various applications, including video summarization, content-based video retrieval, and video editing. Common techniques for shot boundary detection include histogram-based methods, motion-based methods, and machine learning approaches. Histogram-based methods often rely on analyzing color or intensity histograms of consecutive frames, while motion-based methods detect changes in the motion characteristics of video frames. Machine learning approaches leverage classifiers trained on features extracted from video frames to predict shot boundaries. Background subtraction is a fundamental technique in computer vision used to segme...